Công nghệ in, In offset

In offset là gì, tìm hiểu về kỹ thuật in offset

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In offset là một kỹ thuật in ấn trong đó, các hình ảnh dính mực in được ép lên các tấm cao su (còn gọi là các tấm offset) trước rồi mới ép từ miếng cao su này lên giấy. Khi sử dụng với in thạch bản, kỹ thuật này tránh được việc làm nước bị dính lên giấy theo mực in.

Các ưu điểm của kỹ thuật in này là:

  • Chất lượng hình ảnh cao – nét và sạch hơn in trực tiếp từ bản in lên giấy vì miếng cao su áp đều lên bề mặt cần in.
  • Khả năng ứng dụng in ấn lên nhiều bề mặt, kể cả bề mặt không phẳng (như gỗ, vải, kim loại, da, giấy thô nhám).
  • Việc chế tạo các bản in dễ dàng hơn.
  • Các bản in có tuổi thọ lâu hơn – vì không phải trực tiếp tiếp xúc với bề mặt cần in.

In offset ngày nay đã trở thành kỹ thuật in phổ biến nhất trong in ấn thương mại. Tuy vậy trong các in ấn dành cho thú vui cá nhân, người ta vẫn có thể tạo ra một số ít sách với chất lượng cao, sử dụng cách in trực tiếp. Một số người vẫn thích các đường nét chìm nổi để lại trên giấy từ việc in trực tiếp. Thậm chí một số sách kiểu này còn được in bằng các bản in được xếp từ các con chữ chì, đây là công nghệ in typo, một công nghệ khá cổ. 

Tiêu chuẩn quan trọng nhất để đánh giá chất lượng (tờ) in offset đó là tờ in ra phải giống mẫu (hoặc tờ in thử) về màu sắc và các tờ in phải đều màu (không dao động màu) trong toàn bộ sản lượng in. 

Trong thực tế khách hàng thường phàn nàn là sản phẩm in ra không giống màu mẫu và các tờ in không đều.

Những yếu tố quan trọng nhất trong quá trình in ảnh hưởng đến màu sắc tờ in (và do đó đến chất lượng in) đó là:

  • Độ dày lớp mực trên giấy (tỉ lệ với Mật độ tông nguyên DV khi đo bằng Mật độ kế)
  • Độ lớn điểm tram
  • Độ chồng mực (gắn chặt với thứ tự in chồng màu).

Để đánh giá ảnh hưởng của những yếu tố này, bên cạnh việc quan sát bằng mắt, người ta phải sử dụng dụng cụ đo để có sự đáng giá khách quan, loại bỏ ảo giác chủ quan. Dụng cụ thông dụng nhất là Mật độ kế.

Trong phạm vi viết bài này, xin chỉ đề cập đến yếu tố thứ 3 là vấn đề Thứ tự in chồng màu, ảnh hưởng của nó đến chất lượng in, đang là vấn đề nhiều bạn quan tâm.

Thứ tự in chồng màu ảnh hưởng đến độ nhận mực và do vậy ảnh hưởng đến màu in ra. Có sự khác biệt khi in một màu lên giấy trắng, in màu đó lên một lớp mực in trước đã khổ, hoặc in 2 hay 4 màu in ướt – chồng – ướt. Khi in ướt – chồng – khô (tức là in nhiều màu trên một máy một màu) và ướt – chồng – ướt, độ nhận mực có độ khác biệt ảnh hưởng đến kết quả in, đặt biệc đôi với ướt – chồng – ướt thì độ tách dính (tack) của mực in có vai trò rất quan trọng, nó phài giảm dần từ đơn vị đầu đến đơn vị cuối.

Phụ thuộc tính chất công việc in, lọai máy (một hay nhiều màu, tức là in ướt – chồng – khô, ướt – chồng – ướt) và hiệu quả màu sắc cần có mà thay đổi thứ tự chồng màu. Nếu công việc đã được in thử , cần phải giờ đúng thứ tự khi in thử.

Ở các nước có đến công nghiệp in phát triển, người ta đã đề ra biện pháp Tiêu chuẩn hóa, để loại những ảnh hưởng của thứ tự in chồng màu đến kết quả in. Quá trình in thử và in sản lượng được thực hiện theo một tiêu chuẩn qui định. Một thứ tự in chồng màu thống nhất ở tất cả các xí nghiệp in cho phép so sánh được chất lượng in ở các xí nghiệp khác nhau, đồng thời có thể đặt sản xuất mực có độ tách dính giảm dần theo tiêu chuẩn chồng màu tiêu chuẩn, tạo thuận lợi cho người thợ in.

Thứ tự in chồng màu tiêu chuẩn được sử dụng phố biến ở các nước Châu Âu là:

  • In 4 màu ướt – chồng – ướt (máy nhiều màu)
  • Đen – Xanh – Đỏ magenta – Vàng.
  • In 2 màu ướt – chồng – ướt và ướt – chồng – khô: Xanh cyan – Đỏ magenta -> Đen – Vàng
  • In 1 màu ướt – chồng – khô: Xanh cyan -> Đỏ magenta -> Vàng -> Đen.

Ở nước ta hiện nay, điều kiện sản xuất ở các xí nghiệp in cò nhiều khác biệt, đặt biệt là chúng ta sử dụng nhiều loại mực in nhập từ nhiều nước khác nhau đến chưa thể có tiêu chuẩn quốc gia thống nhất. Hậu quả của việc đánh giá chất lượng in phụ thuộc chủ quan của người thợ, mỗi xí nghiệp và việc tranh cãi là tất nhiên, đặc biệt là về ảnh hưởng đến kết quả in của thứ tự in chồng màu.

Tuy nhiên, trong điều kiện hiện nay trước khi có tiêu chuẩn quốc gia thống nhất, chúng ta có thể thực hiện tiêu chuẩn hóa Thứ tự in chồng màu ở từng xí nghiệp (thuận tiện nhất có lẽ đến sử dụng Thứ tự in chồng màu tiêu chuẩn mà các nước công nghiệp in tiên tiến đang áp dụng, trước khi chúng ta nghiên cứu tìm ra tiêu chuẩn phù hợp cho mình), trao đổi với các Công ty vật tư in để đặt mua mực in tiêu chuẩn có các tính chất, đặc biệt là tính tách dính phù hợp với Thứ tự in chồng màu tiêu chuẩn của xí nghiệp. Làm được điều này chúng ta loại bỏ được một yếu tố quan trọng ảnh hưởng đến chất lượng in để ổn định các yếu tố khác.

Tiêu chuẩn hóa phương pháp in offset là xu thể tất yếu, vì chỉ có như vậy chúng ta mới ổn định được chất lượng in. Các biện pháp tiêu chuẩn hóa ở các công đọan bình phim, phơi bản, in thử và in sản lượng tạo thuận lợi phối hợp các khâu, loại bỏ tối đa từ đầu các sơ sót để có chất lượng in cao ổn định. Ngay từ bây giờ chúng ra cần chuẩn bị các điều kiện để có thể tiến tới tiêu chuẩn hóa phương pháp in offset, trước hết là nâng cao trình độ hiểu biết về chất lượng, quản lý chất lượng và sử dụng kỹ thuật đo trong ngành in

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